Chemistry · Chapter 11

Colligative Properties

Add a nonelectrolyte or a salt to water and watch the liquid range stretch at both ends. Water takes Kf = 1.86 °C/m and Kb = 0.512 °C/m, and a salt gets a bonus from the van 't Hoff factor.

Where the liquid starts and stops pure water on top

Liquid range of pure water compared with your solution pure water liquid 0.00 to 100.00 your solution temperature (°C)

Osmosis and vapor pressure two more views of the same cause

Osmosis in a U tube and the fall in vapor pressure membrane water solution vapor pressure at 25 °C pure water reads 23.8 torr on this bar.

Solute

Density only feeds the osmotic pressure, because that one formula needs molarity instead of molality.

Live numbers

-3.72°C freezing point below zero

The arithmetic in words

one molality drives all four